Association between PD and the wealth index, educational level and perceived SES, Tehran, 2021–2022
| Variables | Cases * (n=508) N (%) | Controls * (n=1015) N (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted OR† (95% CI) | P value |
| Wealth index | ||||||
| Deprived | 192 (37.80) | 315 (31.10) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Intermediate | 159 (31.30) | 348 (34.35) | 0.75 (0.58 to 0.97) | 0.03 | 0.75 (0.58 to 0.99) | 0.04 |
| Affluent | 157 (30.91) | 350 (34.55) | 0.74 (0.57 to 0.95) | 0.02 | 0.77 (0.59 to 1.02) | 0.07 |
| Educational level | ||||||
| Illiterate and primary | 125 (24.90) | 308 (30.62) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Secondary | 203 (40.44) | 509 (50.60) | 0.98 (0.75 to 1.28) | 0.90 | 1.02 (0.76 to 1.35) | 0.92 |
| Academic education | 174 (34.66) | 189 (18.79) | 2.27 (1.69 to 3.04) | <0.001 | 2.17 (1.58 to 2.99) | <0.001 |
| Perceived SES | ||||||
| Deprived | 69 (13.94) | 55 (5.55) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Intermediate | 313 (63.23) | 580 (58.53) | 0.43 (0.29 to 0.63) | <0.001 | 0.46 (0.31 to 0.69) | <0.001 |
| Affluent | 113 (22.83) | 356 (35.92) | 0.25 (0.17 to 0.38) | <0.001 | 0.26 (0.17 to 0.41) | <0.001 |
Bold values denote statistical significance at the p<0.05.
*In the case of missing data, the sum of categories was less than 1015 and 508 in controls and cases, respectively.
†Adjusted for age (continuous), marital status and ethnicity.
‡Bold values denote statistical significance at the p<0.05
PD, Parkinson’s disease; SES, socioeconomic status.