Prodromal features | Confirmed PD | |||||
No features (n=124) | Hyposmia only (n=217) | Hyposmia and constipation (n=150) | Hyposmia and pRBD (n=146) | Hyposmia, constipation, and pRBD (n=122) | (n=45) | |
Age, years* | 78.2 (5.7) | 79.1 (5.8) | 79.5 (6.2) | 78.0 (5.4) | 78.8 (5.5) | 76.9 (5.6) |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.5 (4.1) | 25.7 (3.6) | 26.1 (3.8) | 25.5 (3.1) | 26.3 (3.1) | 25.6 (3.6) |
Body mass index, categories | ||||||
Normal weight (<25 kg/m2), % | 40.7 | 45.1 | 39.5 | 46.3 | 34.8 | 53.5 |
Overweight (25 to <30 kg/m2), % | 46.4 | 44.3 | 47.8 | 46.1 | 53.2 | 34.7 |
Obese (≥30 kg/m2), % | 12.9 | 10.6 | 12.7 | 7.6 | 11.9 | 11.7 |
Smoking status | ||||||
Never smoke, % | 47.3 | 37.5 | 38.1 | 41.0 | 44.3 | 35.0 |
Ever smoke, % | 39.0 | 43.2 | 46.8 | 43.1 | 47.9 | 48.2 |
Unknown, % | 13.7 | 19.3 | 15.1 | 16.0 | 7.9 | 16.8 |
Physical activity, MET-hour/week† | 42.3 (35.1) | 43.0 (37.8) | 36.5 (31.2) | 39.0 (40.3) | 31.1 (30.8) | 28.4 (28.4) |
Coffee, servings/day | 1.1 (1.4) | 1.2 (1.4) | 1.1 (1.3) | 1.0 (1.2) | 0.8 (1.0) | 0.7 (1.0) |
Alcohol, g/day | 11.9 (14.5) | 12.1 (13.5) | 12.5 (13.7) | 14.5 (15.9) | 12.9 (13.3) | 15.1 (20.5) |
Depressive symptoms, % | 8.5 | 10.4 | 8.4 | 10.6 | 17.2 | 27.1 |
Values are means(SD) or percentages and are standardised to the age distribution of the study population. Values of polytomous variables may not sum to 100% due to rounding.
Thirteen observations were excluded when estimating frequencies for depressive symptoms due to missing data.
*Value is not age adjusted.
†METs from recreational and leisure-time activities.
MET, metabolic equivalent; PD, Parkinson’s disease.