Adjusted ORs of relative cognitive impairment according to presence of prodromal features and confirmed PD
| Measure of cognitive function | No. who completed the test | Prodromal features | Confirmed PD | ||||
| No features | Hyposmia only | Hyposmia +constipation | Hyposmia +pRBD | Hyposmia, constipation and pRBD | |||
| ORs (95% CI) | |||||||
| Global cognitive score | 771 | ||||||
| Age adjusted | ref | 2.89 (1.23 to 6.82) | 2.85 (1.17 to 6.98) | 2.74 (1.10 to 6.84) | 3.92 (1.60 to 9.63) | 8.58 (2.96 to 24.83) | |
| Multivariate adjusted | ref | 2.92 (1.23 to 6.94) | 2.79 (1.13 to 6.89) | 2.76 (1.09 to 6.95) | 3.80 (1.52 to 9.47) | 7.91 (2.69 to 23.27) | |
| TICS score <31 | 803 | ||||||
| Age adjusted | ref | 1.20 (0.66 to 2.19) | 1.86 (1.00 to 3.45) | 1.44 (0.75 to 2.74) | 2.19 (1.16 to 4.15) | 6.26 (2.81 to 13.92) | |
| Multivariate adjusted | ref | 1.21 (0.66 to 2.22) | 1.82 (0.98 to 3.40) | 1.45 (0.76 to 2.79) | 2.13 (1.11 to 4.09) | 6.33 (2.81 to 14.23) | |
| Memory score | 774 | ||||||
| Age adjusted | ref | 2.37 (1.09 to 5.16) | 1.30 (0.54 to 3.12) | 1.82 (0.77 to 4.29) | 2.98 (1.30 to 6.81) | 2.06 (0.64 to 6.66) | |
| Multivariate adjusted | ref | 2.39 (1.09 to 5.25) | 1.28 (0.53 to 3.10) | 1.84 (0.77 to 4.41) | 3.07 (1.31 to 7.18) | 2.00 (0.61 to 6.59) | |
| Executive function score | 800 | ||||||
| Age adjusted | ref | 1.03 (0.51 to 2.06) | 1.84 (0.91 to 3.68) | 1.87 (0.93 to 3.79) | 2.40 (1.18 to 4.70) | 5.63 (2.44 to 12.96) | |
| Multivariate adjusted | ref | 1.01 (0.50 to 2.03) | 1.83 (0.91 to 3.66) | 1.86 (0.92 to 3.77) | 2.42 (1.19 to 4.89) | 5.74 (2.47 to 13.34) | |
| Attention score | 804 | ||||||
| Age adjusted | ref | 1.95 (0.53 to 7.19) | 3.00 (0.82 to 11.02) | 2.78 (0.73 to 10.57) | 1.65 (0.38 to 7.12) | 3.37 (0.64 to 17.59) | |
| Multivariate adjusted | ref | 1.87 (0.50 to 6.98) | 2.65 (0.71 to 9.90) | 2.39 (0.62 to 9.23) | 1.49 (0.34 to 6.53) | 2.45 (0.45 to 13.45) | |
| Language score | 802 | ||||||
| Age adjusted | ref | 2.23 (0.94 to 5.32) | 3.23 (1.34 to 7.79) | 4.18 (1.74 to 10.01) | 4.29 (1.77 to 10.41) | 12.04 (4.48 to 32.39) | |
| Multivariate adjusted | ref | 2.28 (0.95 to 5.47) | 3.13 (1.29 to 7.60) | 4.02 (1.67 to 9.71) | 3.96 (1.62 to 9.71) | 11.29 (4.15 to 30.70) | |
The global score is a composite of all eight cognitive tests. The memory score is a composite of four tests, the immediate and delayed recalls of the TICS 10-word list and the East Boston Memory Test. The executive function score is a composite of the Digit Span Backwards Test and the Oral Trail Making Test part B. Attention was assessed with the Oral Trail Making Test part A. Language was assessed through the Animal Naming Test for verbal fluency. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios were adjusted for age (years, continuous), physical activity (MET-hour/week, quartiles), body mass index (normal weight, overweight and obese), smoking status (never, ever, unknown), alcohol consumption (g/day, continuous) and coffee consumption (servings/day, continuous).
MET, metabolic equivalent; PD, Parkinson’s disease; TICS, Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status.