Patient characteristics
| Normal cognition (MMSE ≥24) n=2377 | Cognitive impairment (MMSE ≤23) n=586 | Total n=2963 | P value* | |
| Men | 1374 (57.8) | 283 (48.3) | 1657 (55.9) | <0.001 |
| Age, years | 80.7±4.5 | 83.9±5.2 | 81.4±4.8 | <0.001 |
| MMSE score | 27.9±2.0 | 18.9±4.6 | 26.1±4.5 | – |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.5±3.5 | 22.7±3.5 | 23.4±3.5 | <0.001 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 129.6±16.3 | 126.5±18.1 | 129.0±16.7 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 72.1±11.2 | 70.3±13.1 | 71.7±11.6 | 0.001 |
| Creatinine clearance, mL/min | 50.8±16.7 | 41.5±16.8 | 49.1±17.1 | <0.001 |
| CHADS2 score | 2.8±1.1 | 3.2±1.2 | 2.8±1.2 | <0.001 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | 4.3±1.3 | 4.8±1.4 | 4.4±1.3 | <0.001 |
| HAS-BLED score | 1.8±0.8 | 2.0±0.9 | 1.8±0.8 | <0.001 |
| History of major bleeding | 83 (3.5) | 29 (4.9) | 112 (3.8) | 0.098 |
| AF type | <0.001 | |||
| Paroxysmal | 990 (41.6) | 188 (32.1) | 1178 (39.8) | |
| Persistent | 778 (32.7) | 219 (37.4) | 997 (33.6) | |
| Permanent | 609 (25.6) | 179 (30.5) | 788 (26.6) | |
| Non-pharmacological AF therapy | 347 (14.6) | 51 (8.7) | 398 (13.4) | <0.001 |
| Catheter ablation | 211 (8.9) | 12 (2.0) | 223 (7.5) | <0.001 |
| Electrical defibrillation | 34 (1.4) | 8 (1.4) | 42 (1.4) | 0.905 |
| ICD | 10 (0.4) | 2 (0.3) | 12 (0.4) | 0.786 |
| Pacemaker | 123 (5.2) | 32 (5.5) | 155 (5.2) | 0.781 |
| Others | 10 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (0.3) | 0.116 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 1789 (75.3) | 465 (79.4) | 2254 (76.1) | 0.038 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 585 (24.6) | 144 (24.6) | 729 (24.6) | 0.985 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 436 (18.3) | 137 (23.4) | 573 (19.3) | 0.006 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 1025 (43.1) | 224 (38.2) | 1249 (42.2) | 0.032 |
| Myocardial infarction | 110 (4.6) | 31 (5.3) | 141 (4.8) | 0.500 |
| Heart failure | 700 (29.4) | 262 (44.7) | 962 (32.5) | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 546 (23.0) | 208 (35.5) | 754 (25.4) | <0.001 |
| Gastrointestinal disease | 664 (27.9) | 153 (26.1) | 817 (27.6) | 0.376 |
| Active cancer | 225 (9.5) | 49 (8.4) | 274 (9.2) | 0.409 |
| Dementia† | 99 (4.2) | 194 (33.1) | 293 (9.9) | <0.001 |
| Fall within 1 year | 199 (8.4) | 95 (16.2) | 294 (9.9) | <0.001 |
| Anticoagulant therapy | 2191 (92.2) | 544 (92.8) | 2735 (92.3) | 0.593 |
| Warfarin | 536 (22.5) | 149 (25.4) | 685 (23.1) | 0.159 |
| TTR | 76.9±28.7 | 74.9±29.6 | 76.5±28.9 | 0.520 |
| PT-INR | 2.0±0.4 | 2.0±0.5 | 2.0±0.4 | 0.457 |
| DOAC | 1655 (69.6) | 395 (67.4) | 2050 (69.2) | 0.159 |
| Dabigatran | 162 (6.8) | 27 (4.6) | 189 (6.4) | 0.045 |
| Rivaroxaban | 493 (20.7) | 131 (22.4) | 624 (21.1) | 0.432 |
| Apixaban | 634 (26.7) | 137 (23.4) | 771 (26.0) | 0.082 |
| Edoxaban | 366 (15.4) | 100 (17.1) | 466 (15.7) | 0.352 |
Data are n (%) or mean±SD.
*Normal cognition versus cognitive impairment group.
†The diagnosis of dementia was made by the attending physician. Therefore, some patients with dementia had high MMSE scores, and some patients had low MMSE scores, but were not diagnosed as having dementia by their physicians.
AF, atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DOAC, direct oral anticoagulant; HAS-BLED, Hypertension, Abnormal liver/renal function, Stroke history, Bleeding history or predisposition, Labile INR, Elderly, Drug/alcohol usage; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; PT-INR, international normalised ratio of prothrombin time; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TTR, time in the therapeutic range (PT-INR 1.6–2.6).