Risk factors for cognitive decline
| Item | Cognitive decline N=642 | Stable N=1273 | Univariate | Multivariate* | |||||||
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | ||||||||
| Educational background | <9 years | 272 (42.4) | 434 (34.1) | 1.41 (1.16 to 1.71) | <0.001 | 1.42 (1.12 to 1.82) | 0.004 | ||||
| ≥9 years† | 366 (57.0) | 821 (64.5) | – | – | |||||||
| Monetary management (bank accounts and pensions) | Self-managed† | 398 (62.0) | 924 (72.6) | – | – | ||||||
| Managed by a family member/others | 239 (37.2) | 333 (26.2) | 1.67 (1.36 to 2.04) | <0.001 | 1.45 (1.10 to 1.90) | 0.008 | |||||
| Age | <85 years† | 448 (69.8) | 1036 (81.4) | – | – | ||||||
| ≥85 years | 194 (30.2) | 237 (18.6) | 1.89 (1.52 to 2.36) | <0.001 | 1.44 (1.08 to 1.93) | 0.013 | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | <18.5 | 46 (7.2) | 60 (4.7) | 1.48 (0.99 to 2.22) | 0.056 | 1.52 (0.93 to 2.47) | 0.094 | ||||
| ≥18.5–<25.0† | 365 (56.9) | 706 (55.5) | – | – | |||||||
| ≥25.0 | 159 (24.8) | 370 (29.1) | 0.83 (0.66 to 1.04) | 0.107 | 0.87 (0.66 to 1.14) | 0.306 | |||||
| Hypertension | SBP <130 mm Hg† | 269 (41.9) | 565 (44.4) | – | – | ||||||
| SBP ≥130–<140 mm Hg | 179 (27.9) | 306 (24.0) | 1.23 (0.97 to 1.55) | 0.086 | 1.26 (0.96 to 1.67) | 0.099 | |||||
| SBP ≥140 mm Hg | 156 (24.3) | 293 (23.0) | 1.12 (0.88 to 1.43) | 0.366 | 1.13 (0.85 to 1.51) | 0.401 | |||||
| Cerebrovascular disorders | Yes | 191 (29.8) | 279 (21.9) | 1.51 (1.22 to 1.87) | <0.001 | 1.41 (1.08 to 1.83) | 0.011 | ||||
| None† | 451 (70.2) | 994 (78.1) | – | – | |||||||
| Oral anticoagulants | Warfarin† | 163 (25.4) | 269 (21.1) | – | – | ||||||
| No use | 42 (6.5) | 104 (8.2) | 0.67 (0.44 to 1.00) | 0.051 | 0.59 (0.36 to 0.96) | 0.034 | |||||
| DOACs | 437 (68.1) | 900 (70.7) | 0.80 (0.64 to 1.00) | 0.054 | 0.77 (0.59 to 1.01) | 0.057 | |||||
| MMSE score at baseline | ≥24† | 526 (81.9) | 1085 (85.2) | – | – | ||||||
| ≤23 | 116 (18.1) | 188 (14.8) | 1.27 (0.99 to 1.64) | 0.063 | 0.80 (0.58 to 1.12) | 0.192 | |||||
Values are n (%), unless otherwise indicated.
*Educational background, volunteer activities, employment, participation in neighbourhood associations and resident associations, participation in learning activities such as open lectures for citizens, driving status, mobile telephone use, frequency of calls (fixed-line and mobile phones), computer use, internet use, going out, main means of going out, shopping, monetary management (bank accounts/pensions), travel and business trips to other prefectures, exercise habits, use of long-term care services, sex, age, BMI, anticoagulants, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease: heart failure, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, cerebrovascular disorders, creatinine clearance and MMSE score at baseline were included as adjustment factors in the model.
†Reference.
BMI, body mass index; DOACs, direct oral anticoagulants; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; SBP, systolic blood pressure.